Adverbs of Aspect
Keywords: verbs, aspect
Classical Gluonic doesn't have any grammaticalised tense or aspect, in order to make the language time symmetric. Most of the work of expressing the point or manner of unfolding in time of an action is done using expressions of time or adverbs, where context doesn't suffice. This article is about aspect, which is generally carried using adverbs, some of which have other functions, and others are fairly limited to the specific task of conveying aspect.
The following table list common adverbs of aspect. Unlike with grammatical mood, Gluonic tends to omit adverbs of aspect where clear from context and only use them to disambiguate or emphasise the meaning. The table gives the word that English grammarians usually employ to talk about the particular aspect indicated by the adverb, a literally meaning in other contexts, and some information about usage.
Bourque | Sanderson | Meaning | Aspect | Usage |
---|---|---|---|---|
NYQ | nyq | already | perfect | Past events that are completed |
MA-TUQ | matuq | now, then | imperfect | Ongoing action in the time talked about, also expresses progressive |
TJÉ | tjee | always | habitual | Habitually undertaken action |
JU-E | jue | still | stative | Indicates a general state rather than an action on its own, combining with matuq makes it emphatic/continuative |
KLÉ | klee | just, exact | inchoative, cessative | Used for actions just beginning, but combined with nyq, used for actions just ending. |
NE-NE | nene | near | defective | Averted or thwarted action |
ÁM | aam | truly | gnomic | General truths |
BA-NAQ | matuq | while, during | durative | Actions with a bounded, non-instantaneous duration |
These function as normal adverbs, and may appear anywhere in a verb phrase an adverb might, but often come before the verb. Some can also function as prepositions and take a colour suffix to agree with their object.